Conceptual Framework for the Application of Self-Regulating Biomimetic Materials in the Development of Building Envelopes Adapted to Climate Change in Iran’s Mountainous Regions

Abstract

The accelerating pace of climate change, the increasing dependence of buildings on energy resources, and the necessity of reducing environmental impacts have highlighted the need to redefine the role of materials in contemporary architecture. In this context, bio-inspired self-aware materials, as an emerging approach in building technology, draw inspiration from the adaptive processes of living organisms to enable the development of responsive building systems that are coordinated with environmental conditions. This study aims to investigate the capabilities of bio-inspired self-aware materials in shaping adaptive building envelopes and to propose a conceptual framework for enhancing architectural adaptability in the mountainous climate of Iran. The research methodology is based on a descriptive–analytical approach and a systematic review of scientific literature related to bio-inspired architecture, smart materials, and climate-responsive design. The findings indicate that natural mechanisms observed in examples such as the insulating structures of animals inhabiting cold regions, the hygromorphic movement of pine cones in response to changes in humidity, the adaptive patterns of mountain plants, and the cellular organization of organisms resistant to harsh environmental conditions can inspire the development of materials capable of regulating heat exchange, controlling moisture, modifying physical properties, and restoring their performance. Based on the analyses conducted, the proposed conceptual framework consists of four stages: identification and sensing of environmental stimuli, organization of the material’s internal properties, generation of an adaptive response, and maintenance or restoration of envelope performance. This framework can provide a basis for developing innovative approaches to the design of building envelopes in the mountainous regions of Iran and can contribute to advancing architecture toward greater sustainability, flexibility, and responsiveness to environmental changes.